Magnus Carlsen
Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen (Norwegian: [sʋɛn mɑgnʉs øːn kɑɾlsɛn]; born 30 November 1990) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster and former chess prodigy who is the No. 1 ranked player in the world. His peak rating is 2861, the highest in history. Carlsen was the 2009 World Blitz chess champion.On 26 April 2004, Carlsen became a Grandmaster at the age of 13 years, 148 days, making him at that time the second youngest Grandmaster in history, though he has since become the third youngest. On the November 2009 FIDE rating list, Carlsen had an Elo rating of 2801, becoming the fifth player to achieve a rating over 2800. Aged 18 years, 336 days at the time, he was by far the youngest to do so. On 1 January 2010, at the age of 19 years, 32 days, he became the youngest chess player in history to be ranked world No. 1, breaking the record held by Vladimir Kramnik. On the January 2013 FIDE rating list, Carlsen reached an Elo rating of 2861, thus surpassing Garry Kasparov's rating record of 2851 (set in July 1999). Based on several of his FIDE rankings, Carlsen qualified for the Candidates Tournament that will determine the challenger to World Champion Viswanathan Anand in the World Chess Championship 2013. He previously qualified for the 2011 Candidates Tournament, but withdrew.
Known for his attacking style as a teenager, Carlsen later developed into a more universal player. He does not focus on opening preparation as much as other top players, and plays a variety of openings, which makes it harder for his opponents to prepare for him. His positional mastery and endgame prowess have drawn comparisons to those of former world champions Anatoly Karpov, José Capablanca and Vasily Smyslov. Beyond chess, Carlsen has modeled for G-Star Raw's Autumn/Winter 2010 advertising campaign.
Childhood
Carlsen was born in Tønsberg, Norway on 30 November 1990 to Sigrun Øen and Henrik Albert Carlsen, both engineers by profession. The family spent one year in Espoo, Finland, and then in Brussels, Belgium, and in 1998 the family returned to Norway and settled in Lommedalen, Bærum. They later moved to Haslum.[1] His father taught Carlsen to play chess at the age of five, although he initially showed little interest in the game.[2] He played his first chess tournament at the age of eight, when he took part in the Norwegian Chess Championship (the Miniputt class) at Gausdal.[3] The first chess book he ever read was Bent Larsen's Find the Plan.[4]
Carlsen was later coached at the Norwegian College of Elite Sport by the country's top player, Grandmaster (GM) Simen Agdestein.[5] Agdestein introduced his civil worker Torbjørn Ringdal Hansen, an International Master (IM), to Carlsen, and they had one training session every week,[2] along with one of Carlsen's close friends. Carlsen obtained three IM norms in relatively quick succession: the first was at the January 2003 Gausdal Troll Masters (score 7/10, 2345 tournament performance rating); the second was at the June 2003 Salongernas IM-tournament in Stockholm (6/9, 2470 TPR); and the third IM norm was obtained at the July 2003 Politiken Cup in Copenhagen (8/11, 2503 TPR). He was officially awarded the IM title on 20 August 2003.[6] After finishing primary school, Carlsen took a year off to participate in international chess tournaments held in Europe during the fall season of 2003.[7] That same year, he finished in a tie for third in the European Under-14 Boys Championship.[8]
Chess career
2004
Carlsen made headlines after his victory in the C group at the Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee. Carlsen had a score of 10½/13, losing just one game (against the highest-rated player of the C group, Duško Pavasovič).[9] As a result of the victory, he earned his first Grandmaster norm and achieved a performance rating of 2702. Particularly notable was his win over Sipke Ernst in the penultimate round, when Carlsen sacrificed material to mate him in just 29 moves.[10] Carlsen won the Audience Prize for that game, as the best game of the round (including the games played in the A and B groups). The first 23 moves in that game had already been played in another game Almagro Llanas–Gustafsson, Madrid 2003 (which ended in a draw), but Carlsen's over-the-board novelty immediately led to a winning position. Carlsen's victory in the C group qualified him to play in the B group in 2005, and it led Lubomir Kavalek, writing for the Washington Post, to give him the title "Mozart of chess". Agdestein said that Carlsen had an excellent memory and played an unusually wide range of openings.[11] Carlsen's prowess caught the attention of Microsoft, who became his sponsor.[12]
Carlsen vs. Ernst, 2004
Carlsen obtained his second Grandmaster norm in the Moscow Aeroflot Open in February. In a blitz chess tournament in Reykjavík, Iceland, Carlsen defeated former World Champion Anatoly Karpov
on 17 March. The blitz tournament was a preliminary event leading up to
a rapid knockout tournament beginning the next day. In that event,
Carlsen was paired with Garry Kasparov, then the top-rated player in the
world. Carlsen achieved a draw in their first game and lost the second
one, and was thus knocked out of the tournament.[13] |
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Position
after 17...c5. The game continued 18.Ng6 fxg6 19.Qxe6+ Kh8 20.hxg6 Ng8
21.Bxh6 gxh6 22.Rxh6+ Nxh6 23.Qxe7 Nf7 24.gxf7 Kg7 25.Rd3 Rd6 26.Rg3+
Rg6 27.Qe5+ Kxf7 28.Qf5+ Rf6 29.Qd7#
In the sixth Dubai Open Chess Championship, held 18–28 April, Carlsen obtained his third and final Grandmaster norm. He thus became the world's youngest Grandmaster and the second-youngest GM ever at the time (after Sergey Karjakin, who earned the title at the age of 12 years and 7 months),[14] although his record was later surpassed by Parimarjan Negi.[15] Carlsen played in the FIDE World Chess Championship, thus becoming the youngest player ever to participate in one, but was knocked out in the first round by Levon Aronian.[16]
In July, Carlsen and Berge Østenstad (then the reigning Norwegian champion) tied for first in the Norwegian Chess Championship, each scoring seven out of nine possible points. A two-game match between them was arranged to decide the title. Both games were drawn, which left Østenstad the champion because he had superior tiebreaks in the tournament.[17]
2005
In Smartfish Chess Masters at the Drammen International Chess Festival 2004–05 (Norway) Carlsen defeated Alexei Shirov, ranked No. 10[18] in the world.[19] In June, in the Ciudad de León rapid chess tournament, Carlsen played a four-game semifinal against Viswanathan Anand, who was ranked second in the world at the time. Anand won 3–1.[20]In the Norwegian Chess Championship, Carlsen again finished in a shared first place, this time with his mentor Simen Agdestein. A playoff between them was arranged between 7 and 10 November. This time Carlsen had the better tiebreaks, but the rule giving the player with better tiebreaks scores the title in the event of a 1–1 draw had been revoked previously. The match was closely fought—Agdestein won the first game, Carlsen won the second, so the match went into a phase of two and two rapid games until there was a winner. Carlsen won the first rapid game, Agdestein the second. Then followed a series of three draws until Agdestein won the championship title with a victory in the sixth rapid game.[21]
At the end of 2005 Carlsen participated at the World Chess Cup in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. In the knockout tournament, he upset the 44th-ranked Georgian Zurab Azmaiparashvili in round one, winning 2–0 at rapid chess after a 1–1 tie in the normal length games, and proceeded to beat Tajik Farrukh Amonatov and Bulgarian Ivan Cheparinov (also after rapid chess) to reach the round of 16. There he lost 1½–2½ to Evgeny Bareev, which prevented him from finishing in the top eight.[22] He then won against Joël Lautier 1½–½ and Vladimir Malakhov 3½–2½ securing him at least a tenth place and therefore a spot in the Candidate Matches. Carlsen became the youngest player to be an official World Championship Candidate.[23]
In October, he took first place at the Arnold Eikrem Memorial in Gausdal with eight out of nine points and a performance rating of 2792.[24]
2006
Carlsen qualified for a place in the Corus B group from his 2004 first place in Corus group C. His shared first with Motylev with 9/13 (+6−1=6) qualified him to play in the Corus A group in 2007.[25]In the Norwegian Chess Championship, Carlsen was close to winning outright, but a last-round loss to Berge Østenstad again tied him for first place with Agdestein. The last-round loss deprived Carlsen of beating Agdestein's record of becoming the youngest Norwegian champion ever.[26] Nonetheless, in the playoff 19–21 September Carlsen won 3–1. After two draws in the initial full-time games, Carlsen won both rapid games in round two, securing his first Norwegian championship.[27]
Carlsen won the Glitnir Blitz Tournament[28] in Iceland. He won 2–0 over Viswanathan Anand in the semifinals. Carlsen also won 2–0 in the finals.[29] He scored 6/8 in the 37th Chess Olympiad against opponents averaging 2627 Elo, gaining 18 Elo (a rating performance of 2820 points). One of his notable wins was against top English grandmaster Michael Adams.[30]
Carlsen had some misses in the Midnight Sun Chess Tournament, placing second to Sergei Shipov.[31] In the Biel grandmaster tournament, he achieved second place, after having beaten the eventual winner Alexander Morozevich twice (once with each colour).[32]
In the NH Chess Tournament held in Amsterdam in August, Carlsen participated in an "Experience" v "Rising Stars" Scheveningen team match. The "Rising Stars" won the match 22–28, with Carlsen achieving the best individual score for the youngsters, 6½/10 and a 2700 Elo performance, thus winning the right to participate in the 2007 Melody Amber tournament.[33]
In September, with a score of 7½/15 points, Carlsen placed 8th out of 16 participants at the World Blitz Championship in Rishon LeZion, Israel.[34] In the rapid chess tournament Rencontres nationales et internationales d'échecs in Cap d'Agde, France, he got to the semifinal, losing to Sergey Karjakin.[35] In November, Carlsen achieved a shared 8th place of 10 participants in the Mikhail Tal Memorial in Moscow with two losses and seven draws. In the associated blitz tournament Tal Blitz Cup he received 17½/34 points and ninth place in a group of 18 participants.[36]
2007
Carlsen played for the first time in the Melody Amber blind and rapid chess tournament in Monte Carlo in March. In the 11 rounds he achieved eight draws and three losses in the blindfold, and three wins, seven draws and one loss in the rapid part. This resulted in a shared ninth place in the blindfold, shared second place in the rapid (behind Anand), and an 8th place in the overall tournament.[39]
In May–June, he participated in the Candidates Tournament for the FIDE World Chess Championship 2007. The six-game match with top seed Levon Aronian was drawn (two wins, two draws, and two losses), with Carlsen coming from behind twice. The four-game rapid playoff was drawn as well (one win, two draws, and one loss), with Carlsen winning the last game to stay in the match. Finally, Aronian eliminated Carlsen from the Championship after winning both tiebreak blitz games.[40]
In July–August, Carlsen won the Biel chess tournament with a +2 record (an Elo performance of 2753). His score was equaled by Alexander Onischuk and by the tie-breaker rule of the tournament, they played a match to determine the winner. After drawing two rapid and two blitz games, Carlsen won the armageddon game.[41] Immediately after the Biel tournament, Carlsen entered the open Arctic Chess Challenge in Tromsø, but his fourth place result with +5=4 was a slight underperformance (in Elo terms). In the first round, Carlsen surprisingly conceded a draw to his classmate Brede Hagen (rated 2034)[42] after having a lost position at one point.[43] A game which attracted some attention was his sixth round win over his own father, Henrik Carlsen.[44]
Carlsen reached the semifinal round of the World Chess Cup in December after defeating Michael Adams in the round of 16 and Ivan Cheparinov in the quarter-finals. In the semifinal, he was eliminated by the eventual winner Gata Kamsky, ½–1½.[45]
2008
At the Linares chess tournament, Carlsen had another 2800+ Elo performance, scoring eight out of fourteen (five wins, three losses and six draws). He finished in sole second place, ½ point behind the winner, World Champion Viswanathan Anand.[47]
In March, Carlsen played for the second time in the Melody Amber blind and rapid chess tournament, which was held in Nice for the first time. In the 11 rounds he achieved four wins, four draws and two losses in the blindfold, and three wins, two losses, and six draws in the rapid part. This resulted in a shared fifth place in the blindfold, shared third place in the rapid and a shared second place in the overall tournament.[48]
Carlsen was one of 21 players in the six-tournament FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2009, a qualifier for the World Chess Championship 2012. In the first tournament, in Baku, Azerbaijan, in April–May, he finished in a three-way tie for first place, with another 2800 Elo performance. Carlsen later withdrew from the Grand Prix cycle despite his initial success, citing "dramatic change[s] to ... regulations".[49]
In the Mainz World Rapid Chess Championship, Carlsen finished in second place after losing the final to defending champion Anand 3–1 (two losses, two draws).[54] To reach the final Carlsen played against Judit Polgár scoring 1½ point out of two (one win, one draw), against Anand scoring one point out of two (two draws) and against Morozevich scoring one point out of two (two draws).[55] In the category 22 Bilbao Masters, Carlsen tied for second with a 2768 performance rating (three wins, three losses, four draws).[56]
2009
Playing in Group A of the Corus chess tournament, Carlsen tied for fifth with a 2739 performance (two wins, one loss, ten draws).[57] In the Linares chess tournament, Carlsen finished third with a 2777 performance (three wins, two losses, nine draws).[58] Carlsen tied for second place with Veselin Topalov at the M-Tel Masters (category 21) tournament in Sofia, Bulgaria. He lost to eventual winner Alexei Shirov in their final game, dropping him from first.[59]Carlsen won the category 21 Nanjing Pearl Spring tournament, 2½ points ahead of second-place finisher Topalov, the world's highest-rated player at the time. He scored 8/10 (six wins, four draws, no losses), winning every game as White (against Topalov, Wang Yue, Leko, Radjabov, and Jakovenko), and also winning as Black against Jakovenko. By rating performance, this was one of the greatest results in history, with a performance rating of 3002.[60] Chess statistician Jeff Sonas has declared it one of the 20 best tournament performances of all time, and the best chess performance of all time by a teenager.[61]
In the Tal Memorial, played from 5 to 14 November, Carlsen started with seven straight draws, but finished with wins over Ruslan Ponomariov and Peter Leko. This result put Carlsen in shared second place behind Kramnik and equal with Ivanchuk.[62][63] After the Tal Memorial, Carlsen won the World Blitz Championship, played from 16 to 18 November in Moscow, Russia. His score of 28 wins, 6 draws and 8 losses left him three points ahead of Anand, who finished in second place.[64]
Based on his average ranking from the July 2009 and January 2010 FIDE lists, Carlsen qualified for the Candidates Tournament that would determine the challenger to World Champion Viswanathan Anand in the World Chess Championship 2012. In November 2010, however, Carlsen announced he was withdrawing from the Candidates tournament. Carlsen described the 2008–12 cycle as "[not] sufficiently modern and fair", and wrote that "Reigning champion privileges, the long (five year) span of the cycle, changes made during the cycle resulting in a new format (Candidates) that no World Champion has had to go through since Kasparov, puzzling ranking criteria as well as the shallow ceaseless match-after-match concept are all less than satisfactory in my opinion."[66]
In early 2009 Carlsen engaged former World Champion Garry Kasparov as a personal trainer.[67] In September their partnership was confirmed in Norwegian newspapers.[68][69]
In an interview with Time magazine in December 2009, responding to a question whether he used computers when studying chess, Carlsen explained that he does not use a chess set when studying on his own.[70]
2010
Carlsen won the Corus chess tournament played 16–31 January with 8½ points (five wins, seven draws, one loss). His ninth-round loss to Kramnik ended a streak of 36 rated games undefeated.[71] Carlsen appeared to struggle in the last round against Fabiano Caruana, but saved a draw leaving him half a point ahead of Kramnik and Shirov.[72]In March it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer,[73] although this was put into different context by Carlsen himself in an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, in which he stated that they would remain in contact and he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov.[74] Carlsen shared first place alongside Ivanchuk in the Amber blindfold and rapid tournament. Scoring 6½ points in the blindfold and 8 points in the rapid, Carlsen accumulated 14½ from a possible 22 points.[75] In May it was revealed that Carlsen had helped Viswanathan Anand prepare for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov, which Anand won 6½–5½ to retain the title. Carlsen had also helped Anand prepare for the World Chess Championships in 2007 and 2008.[76]
Carlsen played in the Bazna Kings Tournament in Romania on 14–25 June. The tournament was a double round robin event involving Wang Yue, Boris Gelfand, former FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov, Teimour Radjabov, and Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu. He finished with 7½/10 and a 2918 performance rating, winning the tournament by two points ahead of Radjabov and Gelfand.[77] Carlsen then played in a rapid tournament 28–30 August at the Arctic Securities Chess Stars tournament in Kristiansund, Norway. The field featured World Champion Viswanathan Anand, female world No. 1 Judit Polgár, and Jon Ludvig Hammer. In the preliminary round robin, Carlsen scored 3½/6 to qualify for the final, second behind Anand.[78] In the final, Carlsen defeated Anand 1½–½ to win the championship.[79] Following this event, Carlsen suffered setbacks in his next two tournaments. In the 39th Chess Olympiad from 19 September to 4 October, he scored 4½/8, losing three games, to Baadur Jobava, Michael Adams and Sanan Sjugirov; these were his first losses with the black pieces in more than a year.[80] His team, Norway, finished 51st out of 149 teams.[81]
Carlsen's next tournament was the Grand Slam Masters Final on 9–15 October, which he had qualified for automatically by winning three of the previous year's four Grand Slam chess events (2009 Nanjing Pearl Spring, 2010 Corus, 2010 Bazna Kings). Along with Carlsen, the finals consisted of World Champion Viswanathan Anand and the highest two scorers from the preliminary stage held in Shanghai in September, which featured Vladimir Kramnik, Levon Aronian, Alexei Shirov, and Wang Hao; Shirov and Kramnik qualified.[82][83] The FIDE September 2010 ratings of Carlsen, Anand, Kramnik and Shirov made the Grand Slam final the strongest tournament in chess history, with an average Elo of 2789. In the first round, Carlsen lost on the black side of the Queen's Indian Defense to Kramnik; this was Carlsen's second consecutive loss to Kramnik, and placed his hold on the world No. 1 ranking in serious jeopardy. In his second round, Carlsen lost with the white pieces to Anand; this was his first loss as White since January 2010. Carlsen recovered somewhat in the latter part of the tournament, finishing with 2½/6, and achieving a win over Shirov. The tournament was won by Kramnik with 4/6.[84] Carlsen finished this tournament with a rating of 2802, two points behind Anand at 2804 who temporarily ended Carlsen's reign at world No. 1. These setbacks called into question from some whether Carlsen's activities outside chess, such as modelling for G-Star Raw, were distracting him from performing well at the chessboard.[85] Carlsen said he did not believe there was a direct connection.[86]
Carlsen's next tournament was the Pearl Spring chess tournament on 19–30 October in Nanjing, China, against Anand, Veselin Topalov, Vugar Gashimov, Wang Yue, and Étienne Bacrot.[87] This was the only tournament in 2010 to feature Anand, Carlsen and Topalov, at the time the top three players in the world, and was the first tournament in history to feature three players rated at least 2800. With early wins over Bacrot, Yue, and Topalov with white, Carlsen took the early lead, extending his winning streak with white in Nanjing to eight. This streak was halted by a draw to Anand in round seven, but in the penultimate round Carlsen secured first place by defeating Topalov with black. This was his second victory in the tournament over the former world No. 1; his final score of 7/10 (with a performance rating of 2903) was a full point ahead of runner-up Anand.[88]
Carlsen won the London Chess Classic on 8–15 December in a field comprising World Champion Viswanathan Anand, former World Champion Vladimir Kramnik, American No. 1 Hikaru Nakamura, and British players Michael Adams, Nigel Short, David Howell, and Luke McShane. Carlsen had a rocky start, losing his games to McShane and Anand in rounds 1 and 3, but winning with white against Adams and Nakamura in rounds 2 and 4. He joined the lead with a win over Howell in round 5, and managed to stay in the lead following a harrowing draw against Kramnik in round 6, before defeating Short in the last round. Since the tournament was played with three points for a win, Carlsen's +4–2=1 score put him ahead of Anand and McShane who scored +2=5 (a more traditional two-points-for-a-win system would have yielded a three-way tie, with Carlsen still on top having the better tiebreaker due to four games with black—Anand and McShane had to play only three times with black).[92]
2011
Carlsen competed in the GM-A group of the Tata Steel Chess (Corus) tournament on 14–30 January in Wijk aan Zee in an attempt to defend his title; the field included World Champion Viswanathan Anand, Levon Aronian, former World Champion Vladimir Kramnik, Alexander Grischuk, Hikaru Nakamura, and former FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov, among others. Despite losing games with white against Anish Giri and reigning Russian champion Ian Nepomniachtchi, Carlsen finished with 8/13, including victories over Kramnik and tournament winner Hikaru Nakamura.[93] Although Carlsen's performance raised his rating from 2814 to 2815, Anand's 8½/13 score elevated his rating to 2817, making him the world No. 1 for the March 2011 FIDE rating list.[94]The first tournament victory of the year came in the Bazna Kings tournament, a double round-robin played in Medias on 11–21 June. Carlsen finished with 6½ points (+3=7), equal with Sergey Karjakin but with a better tiebreak score. Carlsen won his White games against Nakamura, Nisipeanu, and Ivanchuk and drew the rest of the games.[95]
The Grand Slam Chess Final was held as a double-round robin with six players, in São Paulo (25 September – 1 October) and Bilbao (5–11 October). Although Carlsen had a slow start, including a loss against bottom-ranked Vallejo Pons, he finished +3−1=6, equal with Ivanchuk (whose +4−3=3 finish was equal due to three points for a win). Carlsen then won the blitz tiebreak against Ivanchuk. The other players were Anand, Aronian, Nakamura, and Vallejo Pons.[96]
Another tournament victory was achieved in the Tal Memorial in Moscow 16–25 November as a round robin with ten players. Carlsen won two games, against Gelfand and Nakamura, and drew the rest. He finished equal on points with Aronian, and finished ahead since the first tiebreak was the number of Black games; Carlsen had five Black games while Aronian only had four.[97]
In the London Chess Classic, played 3–12 December, Carlsen's streak of tournament victories ended when he finished third, behind Kramnik and Nakamura. Carlsen won three games and drew five. Although he did not win the tournament, Carlsen continued to gain rating points, and rose to a new personal record of 2835.[98]
2012
Carlsen then went on to finish second in the Grandmaster Tournament in Biel, with 18 points, just one point behind Wang Hao using the 3–1–0 scoring system. As in the Tal Memorial earlier in 2012, Carlsen managed to get through the tournament without any losses (+4−0=6). He also defeated the winner Wang Hao in both of their individual games. In the exhibition blitz tournament at Biel before the classical tournament, Carlsen was eliminated (+1−2=0) in the first round by Étienne Bacrot. Bacrot deprived Carlsen of a win in the classical tournament by holding him to a draw in the final round. Carlsen would have won the classical tournament on the traditional 1–½–0 scoring system, with seven points from ten games.[101]
The Grand Slam Chess Final was again held as a double-round robin with six players, in São Paulo and Bilbao. Carlsen started with a loss against Caruana, but after three wins in the second (Bilbao) round, finished +4−1=5, equal first with Caruana, and ahead of Aronian, Karjakin and Anand. Carlsen won the tournament by winning both tie-break games against Caruana.[102]
From 24 to 25 November, Carlsen took part in the chess festival Segunda Gran Fiesta Internacional de Ajedrez in Mexico City. As part of it, Carlsen took on an online audience (dubbed as "The World") with the white pieces and won. He then took part in the knockout exhibition event Cuadrangular UNAM. Carlsen first beat Lázaro Bruzón 1½–½, thus qualifying for a final against Judit Polgár (who had in turn beat Manuel León Hoyos 1½–½). Carlsen lost the first game, but won the second one, and in the tiebreak defeated Polgár 2–0.[103][104]
Carlsen won the London Chess Classic in December with five wins (over McShane, Aronian, Gawain Jones, Adams and Judit Polgár) and three draws (against Kramnik, Nakamura and Anand).[105] This win, the third time Carlsen had won the tournament in the past four years, increased his rating from 2848 to a new record of 2861, breaking Kasparov's 13-year record of 2851.[105][106] By rating performance, this was one of the best results in history, with a performance rating of 2994.[107]
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